pub(crate) fn encode_lower(bytes: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> String {
    let bytes = bytes.as_ref();
    let mut out = String::with_capacity(bytes.len() * 2);
    for byte in bytes {
        use std::fmt::Write as _;
        let _ = write!(&mut out, "{byte:02x}");
    }
    out
}